Secretary of Health and Human Services, Michael O. Leavitt
American Chamber of Commerce Speech
Beijing, December 10, 2007
Voice: Good morning. On behalf of the American Chamber of Commerce in China today, I have the honor and the pleasure of introducing our two very distinguished guests. We have with us here today the U.S. Secretary of Health and Human Services, Mr. Mike Leavitt. In addition today we also have the Commissioner of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Dr. Andrew Van Eschenbach. So as someone who’s been in China for the last 16 years in the pharmaceutical, consumer-products and nutritional- supplements industry, and as a parent. This is a topic very dear to our hearts, the safety of food and things that impact children, and the safety of toys. Over the last six months, the U.S. Government has invested a tremendous amount of time on this subject, led particularly by Secretary Leavitt, culminating tomorrow with new Memoranda of Agreement (MOA) on this topic with the Chinese Government.
Secretary Leavitt as sworn in as the 20th Secretary of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services in January of 2005. As Secretary, he leads the national efforts to protect the health of all Americans and provide essential human services to those in need. He manages the largest civilian Department in the Federal Government, with more than 66,000 employees and a budget that accounts for almost one out of every four dollars the Federal Government spends.
Prior to his current service, Secretary Leavitt served as the Administrator of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and Governor of Utah. While at the EPA, Leavitt signed the Clean Air Diesel Rule, implemented new and more protective air-quality standards for ozone and particular pollution, and organized a regional collaboration of national significance to clean and protect the Great Lakes.
The people of Utah elected Secretary Leavitt as Governor three times. Prior to leaving the statehouse to work in the Bush administration he was the nation’s longest-serving Governor. During his 11 years of service, Utah was recognized six times as one of America’s best-managed states. He was chosen by his peers as Chairman of the National Governors Association, Western Governors Association, and Republican Governors Association, because of his ability to solve problems across partisan lines.
Secretary Leavitt is widely recognized as a health-care innovator and welfare reformer, and his record of achievement in Utah bears this out. In 1994, the Utah legislature passed Governor Leavitt’s Health Print -- a comprehensive incremental approach to health-care improvement in the state. A decade later, Utah has more than 400,000 additional people with health insurance, marked increases in the number of children with health-care coverage, dramatically improved immunization rates and per capita costs of health care 25 percent below the national average. He was chosen by the nation’s Governors to represent the States in Congress on welfare reform, Medicaid, and children’s health insurance.
The application of technology is a passion for Secretary Leavitt. During his tenure as the Governor of Utah the state’s web site was awarded Best of Web, offering more than 110 services on-line. As Secretary of Health and Human Services, he’s committed to unleashing the power of technology to improve the quality of care, reduce mistakes, and manage costs.
In Leavitt’s previous public service he has always pursued three goals -- to leave things better than he found them; to plant seeds for the next generation; and to give it his all. These are his goals as a leader of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
Born in 1951 in Cedar City, Utah, Leavitt graduated with a Bachelor’s Degree in Economics and Business from Southern Utah University. He served as President and Chief Executive Officer of a regional insurance firm, establishing it as one of the top insurance brokers in America. He is married to Jacqueline Leavitt, who is here with us today, and they are parents of five children.
Please join me in welcoming Secretary Leavitt.
[Applause].
Secretary Leavitt: It’s a pleasure to be with you today. It’s almost been a year now since I was here last. My subject the last time was the prospect of a global pandemic and preparations that need to be made for such an event. That continues to be a concern. And while that’s not my subject today, I will acknowledge our last visit together, and that much has occurred since that time.
I want to acknowledge Commissioner Van Eschenbach who is here. Andy and I have been partners on the subject that I’m going to talk about today. Also my Chief of Staff, Rich McKeown, who was deeply involved in the negotiation of Memoranda of Agreement between the Chinese Government and the United States Government that will be the subject of the signing tomorrow. I may call on both of them through the course of our conversation together. They may have insights that I think you’ll find helpful.
I do also want to acknowledge my wife, whom I’m glad is with me. She makes this kind of a trip a lot more enjoyable.
There are issues routinely that just begin to mature and ripen. Last year I was here on pandemic, as I suggested. Over the course of centuries, pandemics routinely ripen and mature, and we have to have policy responses. The same is true in this case on import safety. I believe this is an issue that has been percolating for a long time. Issues like this tend to have events that occur that become symbolic flash points, and those flash points begin to make clear that there is the need for some kind of policy response.
The political processes in various countries begin to operate. News media begin to generate. And consumers begin to engage. This is an issue that has been understood by consumers. Someone at our breakfast this morning pointed out that his mother doesn’t necessarily spend a lot of time thinking about exchange rates, but she understands when there is an unsafe toy that could harm a baby. Therefore, it engages at a deep, much more visceral level than some of the other political issues that we often deal with.
This issue, in my judgment, is beginning to percolate and mature because it’s about a global marketplace. An author in the United States wrote a book called The World is Flat. I believe what we’re seeing is the maturing of the global marketplace. I want to put this in that context.
When these flash-point issues began to develop around the world, our President, President Bush, I think properly, said this is one we need to pay some attention to. We’ve got a world that is changing. This is happening because of change in the situation. He assembled a group of his Cabinet -- 12 representatives from the Federal Government. Ten of them Cabinet Secretaries, Dr. Van Eschenbach, and the Chairman of the Consumer Product Safety Commission. We were tasked to take a very deep look in the United States at our import-safety practices.
We divided it into two parts. The President appointed me to chair, so I deployed teams into 12 of the Departments of the Federal Government, and we began to ask the same questions you would ask. What authority is necessary? What’s changed here? Do we have the resources necessary to do the job that needs to be done?
The second part was to deploy teams to look at things, and to be able to actually see on the ground what the import process is in the United States. Now I just need to tell you, I was astonished by its scale. I went to seaports and border crossings; I went to freight hubs and airports and post offices; I went to processors of produce, drugs, toys; I went to wholesalers, retailers, I went to food stands. What I began to understand is how massive the amount of imports in the United States actually is. In the United States, we now have two trillion dollars in imports every year. To give you some perspective, that’s about twice the size of the entire economy of Brazil. Imports from the United States come from over 800,000 different sources. They come through some 300 different ports. The amount of food and products that it takes to fill up the American pantry every day and empty out is beyond the comprehension of most people. I had no concept of it until I saw it.
Two things I would say. The first is that it defined, I think, our response, because it became very clear that you can’t inspect your way to product safety. There’s just too much of it. Any effort to inspect everything would slow the economy down to the point that consumers could not get what they want. That’s the second thing.
This is a response to consumer desire. This is what people want. I ran into a produce manager in a grocery story. His name was Dan. Dan, the produce man. I said to him, “In 30 years what has changed?” He said it’s what people want. They want to have fresh strawberries in February. They want to have fresh blooming sunflowers in November. And we can give it to them, because the world has changed.
That’s what we’re dealing with: transitioning into a world where global competition, where global economies, are at work, and we’re having to invent, if you will, the processes to manage that new environment we’re in. We’re responding; the policy response is following the market. Oftentimes, the policy response lags a little bit behind the market, and what we’ve seen over the course of the last several months has been a series of warning signs that say, in my judgment, in America we have a good system, but it’s not adequate for the future. We have to improve in order to be ready.
The report that we issued, and there are copies available for all of you, essentially laid out 50 specific recommendations in 14 categories. I do not intend to review all of them today with you, but I would like to summarize the core strategy, the basic strategic change, and then seven or eight major parts of it. First, the basic strategic change. In the past we have stood at our border and tried to catch things that were unsafe as they came through. That will not do. In the future we need to have a different strategy, which is to build quality into every product every step of the way.
Now a very good illustration of that came again on one of my visits. I went to a lettuce-processing plant. The manager of the plant said our strategy and our motto is “know your grower.” We want to know not only where that lettuce was grown, but we want to know when it was planted, the kind of water that was put on it, the nutrients that were in the water. We want to know when it was picked; we want to know who picked it; we want to know what they did with it after; we want to know what the temperature was in the truck that hauled it here. In other words, we want to have quality and best practice built in every step of the way.
That is our new strategy. Rather than stand at the border, it is to build quality in every step of the way.
How do we execute on that strategy? Let me give you seven or eight components of the plan.
The first is the importance of certification. That is to say, making certain that high-risk products are certified by someone we trust as following best practice.
What do I mean by certified? Most of us will have acquaintance with an independent certification process. In the United States, the Good Housekeeping Seal of Approval is a well-known seal; if they put their brand on something, we trust it, and, consequently, we’re prepared to buy it based on their attestation that it’s good and safe. Underwriters Laboratory is another independent certification. In other words, we have confidence in Underwriters Laboratory, and if they attest to the process used in manufacturing it, we’re prepared to give it our trust. We need to expand voluntary certification, and the Government needs to be in the business of accrediting certifiers, so we know that those who are certifying deserve our trust.
So the first point is expansion of certification in high-risk areas, using the government as a means of accrediting those who would certify.
Point two is best practices: Following best practices and rewarding those who follow them. Put simply, we want to make it very easy for people to get goods into the United States who have voluntarily had them certified by someone we trust, and, conversely, we want to make it more difficult for people who are routinely breaking the rules and who are not presenting products that have been certified by people we trust. So best practices
— Defining them and rewarding them.
Third would be the need for more transparency. Transparency is the seed of trust. Ultimately, in a trading relationship, trust has to develop. Whether it’s within a country, or between countries, or between trading partners or enterprises. Consumers deserve to know who it is that routinely produces unsafe products. Consumers deserve to know those that do, so, greater transparency.
Fourth, more U.S. personnel in foreign countries. This is not just inspectors, but it’s to build capacity. We have recently said to many countries, including China, “If you want to have access to American consumers, you need to produce products that meet American standards of safety and quality. We want you to have access to our markets. We would like to have access to yours. We expect that when you produce, you’ll meet standards, and we want to tell you what our standards are, and how to meet them.”
Recently with respect to seafood, we’ve had a very productive exchange, where we have invited the Chinese to know what our standards are and help them understand how to meet them, and we’re making very significant progress in that respect. We feel good about that.
Having more American personnel in other countries that are importing to the United States is a very valuable and important part of this process.
Fifth, systems that are improved systems, and systems that are interoperable. What do I mean by that? We have many parts of our Government that are part of this equation. I think it is significant that the report that you will get a chance to see today included 12 different Departments and agencies within our Government. Why? Because they all have a relevant role. What we found as we began to inspect was they don’t talk to each other very much. Not only do they not talk to each other enough, their systems aren’t interoperable.
I met a man from the Food and Drug Administration (in fact, many of them), who pointed out that he has to remember five passwords in order to get into different parts of the FDA computer system. The same was true when I got to the Customs and Border Protection people. They had seven passwords they had to remember. Some of the information that was accessible for one wasn’t accessible to the other, yet they’re working in the same port of entry.
We need to improve that. We’re talking about the development of the 21st Century system that can manage the amount of goods that will continue to flow across our borders.
The next point I would make is standards: Higher standards. If we’re going to have a certification process and reward people for having their goods inspected by a certification process we trust, then there has to be a standard. So we have to have a means by which that standard can be developed in a collaborative fashion. So in some cases, it means developing a standard. In other cases it means higher standards.
Next I would talk about the fact that we still need enforcement, and there still needs to be ramifications for those who break the rules, so we’re talking about larger fines for those that don’t keep the rules.
I’d like to just briefly summarize, as we’ve gone through this process, we have learned a great deal. Simultaneous to that process, we’ve been having conversations with our friends the Chinese, looking for ways in which we could take our two systems and make them more interoperable. If our relationship is to reach the success level we both aspire, we have to have systems that allow us to be interoperable, even though they may be different systems.
Last May, when the flash point events I’ve spoken of occurred, many of the Ministers from the Chinese Government were in the U.S. for the second SED. I had occasion to sit with the relevant Ministers, and we concluded it was time for us to get very serious about Memoranda of Agreement between our countries on how to work these problems through. So over the course of the last six months, that has occurred.
We concluded we wanted to have it at the highest level. We wanted it to happen at the Ministerial level. I asked Dr. Van Eschenbach to appoint a team of technical experts, which he has done. Then I appointed my Chief of Staff to represent me in the discussions. They have successfully developed these agreements we will sign tomorrow. I’m going to ask Rich McKien to come forward and characterize the two agreements. Then I’d like to go to questions, if you have any, and I’ll invite Dr. Van Eschenbach to participate in the Q&A.
Mr. McKien: Thank you. It’s a privilege to be with you.
We, as the Secretary pointed out, commenced discussions in May. The discussions became more robust, and expanded in scope to include drugs and devices and food and feed.
Accordingly, we dealt with the SFDA and with AQSIQ, entities you’re quite familiar with. But the bottom line on these agreements, I think, would be this, and that is they are entirely consistent with the principles laid out in the Import Safety Report and articulated by Secretary Leavitt, but they are very different agreements. One deals with SFDA more in the capacity- building area, and in the creation of authorities that will permit the assessment of products to U.S. standards; and in AQSIQ, more developed towards the acceptance of agreeable standards. But the bottom line is that there is at the core information-sharing and traceability, the capacity to track certain designated products, and to move these forward. I think we were able to conclude, as Secretary Leavitt admonished us at the outset, substantive, measurable documents, documents that created a capacity for a pathway forward. And, as he suggested, to create a bridge that operated between the two very different systems create a sense of interoperability.
These details will be revealed, I think, as the documents are signed tomorrow, but if you read with clarity the Import Safety Report, you will see in it the context and content, really, of what these agreements represent.
Secretary Leavitt: I’m pleased now to hear your comments and any questions you have, and I’ll feel free to call on Dr. Van Eschenbach for a comment during that period.
Question: I am [inaudible], from the American Society of Transportation Logistics. I have a question regarding your certification program. It sounds a lot like the program put in place by the Department of Homeland Security in China, the validation program but it hasn’t gone anywhere. Can you talk about that?
Secretary Leavitt: There are probably very many examples. I’m not deeply familiar with the one you’ve described, but what I wanted to represent is the concept of independent certification. What I believe drives greater reliance on certification would be the commitment we would make at the Government level that if you are voluntarily having your products certified by someone we trust, then we’re prepared to make it easier for you to get your products into our country. If you choose to not do that, and if you routinely break the rules, then we’re going to make it harder.
That doesn’t mean that any one certification will be better than others, it simply means we want to rely more on independent certification, because there's no way we can inspect everything with a Government inspector, and yet people deserve to know that the products that they are buying have been subjected to rigorous scrutiny as to the process, and that product safety has been built in at every step.
Question: Is there any plan to tie some of these programs together with the Customs/Border protection people? [Inaudible] as far as entering the U.S., it can be subject to multiple inspections from various people who basically do the same thing.
Secretary Leavitt: I’m looking for a copy of the report.
[Pause.] Holds up the report of the Cabinet-level Working Group on Import Safety
Just on the inside of the report you will see that there are 12 different parts of the Federal Government involved in the development of this strategy. One of them is the Department of Homeland Security, which of course has responsibility for Customs and Border Protection. This is an integrated strategy, and one that would therefore clearly be linked to the way they interact with people coming into the country.
Question: Sergeant Major Dave [inaudible]. Just following on from the gentleman. He nicked my question. If you’re a Chinese exporter and like you said you see something [inaudible] inspection and you see something from a [inaudible], there will be [inaudible] preventing [inaudible] supply chain? [Inaudible]. So I think this is [inaudible] integrating the program [inaudible].
Secretary Leavitt: I’m going to invite Dr. Van Eschenbach to comment on this, but I’ll just say as he comes forward, this is a cultural issue within the Federal Government we have to deal with. Much of our border protection has been oriented to anti-terrorism. But the same tools we use for protection of our borders against terrorists, in fact, can and must be used for the purpose of screening goods. It’s the same people, the same technology, the same process. The reason this report is so important from a U.S. perspective is because it’s now an integrated picture.
I don’t think there’s ever been a deeper, more comprehensive look at our import process than what this represents. And that, in and of itself, is an important step forward.
Dr. Van Eschenbach?
Dr. Van Eschenbach: Just let me add that you’ll notice in the report the theme the Secretary has championed, which is to create a culture of collaboration. One of the ways we’re addressing that specifically is greater interoperability with regard to those agencies who are at the border. So Customs/Border Protection, USDA, FDA, integration of data systems, much more data-sharing, much more streamlining of the processes. We actually in many places, even have the ability for cross-training, so we can have one inspector that can do multiple tasks as it relates to those different missions carried out by those different agencies. So this is something we’re addressing systemically.
Question: [Inaudible]. A question about the way that the FDA is actually working with the SFDA around drugs and devices. Can you give us a little bit more --
Secretary Leavitt: Dr. Van Eschenbach?
Question: -- what the process is and what sort of methods and [inaudible]?
Dr. Van Eschenbach: I think when you see the Memoranda of Agreement that’s being signed at the ministerial level, it is a Memorandum that reflects a great deal of input from the agencies themselves, in terms of defining specificity and measurable outcomes we’ll be tracking over a period of time. It is the ability to build capacity as it relates to information-exchange, the ability to address issues of standards. And it really creates an agency-to-agency interaction and collaboration. It goes beyond just simply the issue of inspection. It really is to build capacity. We’ve selected certain specific products that are based on our risk approach to this issue, and, using those as models, we will then build out an ongoing series of relationships.
Secretary Leavitt: Can I just make one point I want to underscore? I had the G7 plus Mexico, Canada, and the European Union Health Ministers in the United States about a month ago. This subject dominated our conversation, indicating clearly this is not about the U.S. and China. This is about the world. Every marketplace in the world is now struggling with how are we going to build the infrastructure of the future in imports. We are inventing the import-safety process of a global marketplace. It is the maturity of a global marketplace at work.
Question: John Russell with Chadwick. A number of points have come up with regard to standards. Looking at the other side of American products coming into China, where they are blocked it normally is based on a system here based on environmental quality standards, laws being written about best available techniques. The Government gets something tested, and then it’s blocked.
With the discussions on the Memoranda of Agreement, did you have discussions about those systems which the Chinese seem to be hugging up the European philosophy in writing their best available techniques, and then selectively applying it where either the capacity is there or the will is there.
Dr. Van Eschenbach: You’ve touched upon one of the areas I think is very problematic, and still one that’s emerging. We’re approaching it from the point of view of really trying to collaborate not only Government to Government, but also Government to private sector to define the science, the basis upon which we can make these objective determinations of standards that we can all then live with and accept. In some areas, the science is mature enough to be able to create that common agreement. In other areas, there is still the need to further flesh that out. And that’s an area where I think relating to the industries who themselves are addressing these quality standards, based on science that is extremely helpful.
It’s also an issue of being able to define, as the Secretary has pointed out, a doctrine of risk, so we really do understand what is the appropriate and acceptable level that has to be agreed upon, realizing it will never be zero in many of these areas.
Secretary Leavitt: I want to underscore again this issue of the global nature of this. As we talked with producers and retailers all across the spectrum, the manufacturers, in particular, say I am not just selling into the United States. I’m selling into many different countries. I can’t be producing for a standard in one country that’s different in another, or I lose the efficiency I seek.
In the United States, I believe you’ll see emerge over the course of the next several months a collaborative, coordinated effort in the development of best practices and product standards. That will need to be extended to an international community, where I know the same thing is happening in the European Union. I suspect it may be happening in other parts of the world, in Asia, here in China, and other places. So, ultimately, there’s going to have to be a means of bringing those standards together, so there are standards, in some cases product line by product line, that can be depended upon. As Andy points out, there will be different doctrines of risk, and ultimately those standards may need to be reflective of the ability for a country to exercise a different attitude toward risk.
Question: From USA Today. As you’re probably aware, Chinese authorities over the last month have a four-month battle to improve safety and product quality. I wonder how confident are you that the authorities have managed to take action sufficiently so American consumers will be happy buying “made in China” this Christmas?
Secretary Leavitt: I want to emphasize that the conversation we’re having in the United States about product safety is not just about China. It’s about the overall system of imports from every country in the world. Our message to China, as well as to every other import/export partner we have, is, “If you desire to produce goods for the American consumer, you need to meet American standards of quality and safety. We want you to know what they are and we’ll work with you to meet them. We need to have systems that are interoperable.”
The system always lags the market, but we’re, by virtue of this, ratcheting up, at a very high rate of speed, our effort to assure that we’re prepared when that market need actually materializes.
Dr. Van Eschenbach: I just might add one point to that. We’re here, obviously, addressing the Chamber of Commerce. I think it’s very important to point out that this effort was led by Secretary Leavitt, who’s the Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services. What we’ve observed is our relationship not just with the Chinese, but with many others around the world, is this ability to recognize this is a health issue as it relates to food safety or medical-product safety. And it’s an issue not just as it relates to international trade, but the domestic well-being of the people we serve. We’ve seen that reflected in our relationship with our counterparts here in China. They are as concerned about this as it relates to their own internal health-care agenda as they are being a part of an international global market.
Secretary Leavitt: To the extent any American citizen would ask the question, “Is our food safe,” I would remind all of us that one of the blessings we have in the United States is an abundant, inexpensive and safe food supply. It’s not perfect. Our system has to get better continually to preserve quality. But we enjoy among the safest food supplies on the planet. We also have standards of quality and safety that are among the highest in the world. The vast, vast, vast majority of products that are on the shelves of major retailers are safe. Consumers can, in fact, do things that would assure quality for themselves, and we encourage them to deal with retailers they trust, to ask their retailer what they’re doing and what the process is they’re following.
One of the things that I have been most impressed with is dealing with retailers. They understand that once they put a product on their shelf, it’s their brand. They’re saying to their manufacturers, routinely, “If you can’t satisfy me by demonstrating that these are safe, they don’t go on my shelf.” That’s what’s driving I think a lot of our quality in the past, and in the future.
Question: [Inaudible], Johnson and Johnson. What is there in response in the Agreements in terms of standardization? What is your major concern with drugs?
Dr. Van Eschenbach: I think there are important building blocks that we are working on by identifying specific products we can focus on, including active pharmaceutical ingredients, excipients, and certain specific classes of drugs. We are approaching this from a risk-based model. I think it’s an issue of capacity-building and that I think is our most important challenge. We’re committed at the U.S. FDA to working very directly with our counterparts here at SFDA on an ongoing basis to build that capacity, and to share information, knowledge, experience, best practices, et cetera, to help build that capacity.
Question: [Inaudible]. With respect to the standards that you’re speaking of, I guess this is the ideal time to change to the metric system? [Laughter]. I’m serious. The next question would be whether the Agreements will cover any importation currently going on with Chinese tobacco products? Will they meet the same U.S. standard for that?
Secretary Leavitt: I don’t have a lot to offer to the grams and kilograms discussion. Do you have anything to add to either of those questions? I don’t know the answer to your second question. I just don’t have one.
Question: [Inaudible]. I was just wondering in your relationship, what relation do you have with the Chinese Government and industries? [Inaudible]. How will the Agreements increase the ability of the FDA to inspect facilities?
Secretary Leavitt: I’m not going to go into a lot of detail on the Agreements, because they’re yet to be signed, and, when they are, you’ll have a chance to see them. I will say that there are incorporated in the Agreements a series of work plans, developed, jointly, with timetables as to how we will accomplish them, and I think that will be very much at the heart of your question.
May I just say that I believe all of us on both the Chinese side and the American side are learning a great deal as we go.
Let me tell you about some of the things I think I have learned. First is how important perspective is in understanding this problem. If you look at this as a law-enforcement problem, you see it in one way. If you see it as a public-health problem, you see it in an entirely different way. And if you look at the 12 different Departments and agencies within the United States Government who have a relevant role here. Many saw it as a trade issue. Others saw it as a law-enforcement issue. Others of us saw it as a public-health issue. The same is true within China. We’re not dealing with one agency in the United States, we’re dealing with 12. So bringing perspective to what this problem is has been a very important part of the process.
I think another lesson I’m learning is that our systems are different. Yet we need to achieve a common result. This is about building bridges. We have different systems, but common goals. It’s a question of building bridges between our different systems so they work, and I keep using the word interoperably. They don’t have to be identical systems to work interoperably. They simply have to have bridges that create a way of reaching our common goals.
I think another lesson I’ve already enumerated, but I want underscored again, is that this is not about the United States and China. We are inventing processes that reflect a maturing in the global marketplace. We’re not just scaling up existing processes, we’re having to invent them so we have the capacity to deal in this new marketplace.
I think a third lesson is, again, the importance of transparency and openness. When you’re dealing even within our own Government, let alone between Governments, when you’re dealing between customers and providers, or producers, transparency is what makes a global market function. Transparency is a seed for trust. Trust is what ultimately will allow a global market to work within the constructs of certification.
I’d like to just emphasize, the Chinese proverb that the man who removes a mountain begins by carrying away small stones. This is not going to happen overnight. It will not function perfectly at the beginning. But this is a very important step forward. Really what we’re talking about here is change. Change is hard. When it comes to change there are three ways you can deal with it. One, you can fight it and fail; two, you can accept it and survive. Or, three, you can lead it and prosper. This is about two great nations stepping forward to lead, so both may prosper in a global marketplace. May we all lead and prosper as well. Thank you.